Arabic Declensions: A Comprehensive Guide174

Arabic declensions are a system of grammatical rules that determine the form of a noun or adjective based on its grammatical function in a sentence. These declensions are essential for understanding and producing grammatically correct Arabic sentences.

Types of Arabic Declensions

There are three main types of Arabic declensions:
Definite declension (nasb)
Indefinite declension (raf')
Genitive declension (jar)

Definite Declension (Nasb)

The definite declension is used for nouns and adjectives that are preceded by a definite article, such as al- (the). The definite article is equivalent to the English "the." For example:
al-kitāb (the book)
al-madrasah (the school)
al-walad (the boy)

Nouns and adjectives in the definite declension are declined according to their grammatical case:
Nominative: The subject of a sentence
Accusative: The direct object of a verb
Genitive: The possessive form

The declension endings for the definite declension are as follows:

Case
Singular
Plural


Nominative
-un
-ūn


Accusative
-an
-īn


Genitive
-in
-īn

Indefinite Declension (Raf')

The indefinite declension is used for nouns and adjectives that are not preceded by a definite article. For example:
kitāb (a book)
madrasah (a school)
walad (a boy)

Nouns and adjectives in the indefinite declension are declined according to their grammatical case:
Nominative: The subject of a sentence
Accusative: The direct object of a verb
Genitive: The possessive form

The declension endings for the indefinite declension are as follows:

Case
Singular
Plural


Nominative
-u
-ū


Accusative
-a
-ī


Genitive
-i
-ī

Genitive Declension (Jar)

The genitive declension is used for nouns and adjectives that are used in a possessive sense. For example:
kitāb al-walad (the boy's book)
madrasah al-banāt (the girls' school)
walad al-ustādh (the teacher's son)

Nouns and adjectives in the genitive declension are declined according to their grammatical gender:
Masculine: Ends with -in
Feminine: Ends with -atin

Conclusion

Arabic declensions are an essential part of Arabic grammar. By understanding and applying these rules correctly, learners will be able to produce grammatically correct sentences and communicate effectively in Arabic.

2024-12-11

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