The Arabic Word ‘Ilāh’: A Comprehensive Study of Meaning and Evolution181

Introduction

The Arabic word 'ilāh' is a multifaceted concept with a rich history and a complex web of meanings. It has been translated variously into English as "god," "deity," "divine," and "idol," but none of these translations fully captures the nuanced and multifaceted nature of the word. To fully understand the meaning of 'ilāh' and its role in Arabic language and culture, it is necessary to explore its etymology, historical usage, and theological implications.

Etymology

The word 'ilāh' is derived from the Proto-Semitic root *ʔil-, which means "power" or "strength." This root is also found in other Semitic languages, such as Hebrew ('el) and Aramaic ('elāh). In Arabic, 'ilāh' initially referred to any being or object that possessed power or authority, including natural forces, celestial bodies, and human rulers. Over time, the word came to be used primarily in a religious context, referring to a supernatural being with power over the universe.

Historical Usage

In pre-Islamic Arabia, 'ilāh' was used to refer to a wide range of deities, including tribal gods, local spirits, and celestial bodies. Each tribe or community had its own patron deity, which they believed protected them and provided them with sustenance. During the pilgrimage to Mecca, people would visit the Kaaba, a sacred shrine that housed 360 idols representing different deities. This practice of polytheism, known as shirk, was widespread throughout the Arabian Peninsula.

Theological Implications

With the advent of Islam in the 7th century, the meaning of 'ilāh' underwent a profound transformation. The Quran, the sacred text of Islam, rejected the polytheistic beliefs of pre-Islamic Arabia and proclaimed that there is only one true God, Allah. According to Islamic theology, Allah is the creator and sustainer of the universe, and He alone is worthy of worship. The concept of 'ilāh' thus became synonymous with monotheism, and it was used to distinguish the one true God from false gods and idols.

The Attributes of Allah

The Quran describes Allah as possessing a number of attributes, including omnipotence, omniscience, and mercy. He is the creator of everything that exists, and He has the power to do whatever He wills. He knows everything, both hidden and revealed, and He is fully aware of the thoughts and intentions of all creatures. He is also the most merciful, and He forgives those who repent and seek His forgiveness.

Conclusion

The Arabic word 'ilāh' is a complex and multifaceted concept that has evolved over time to encompass a range of meanings, from its initial sense of "power" to its current usage as a reference to the one true God in Islam. Through its etymology, historical usage, and theological implications, 'ilāh' provides a valuable lens through which to understand the development of religious thought and belief in the Arab world.

2025-01-04

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