Japanese Word Classification Glossary202

Nouns

Nouns refer to people, places, things, and ideas. They can be specific or general, singular or plural, and countable or uncountable.* Specific nouns: refer to a particular person, place, or thing. For example, "Tokyo" is a specific noun that refers to the capital of Japan.
* General nouns: refer to a group of people, places, or things. For example, "city" is a general noun that refers to any large urban area.
* Singular nouns: refer to one person, place, or thing. For example, "book" is a singular noun that refers to a single printed or written work.
* Plural nouns: refer to more than one person, place, or thing. For example, "books" is a plural noun that refers to two or more printed or written works.
* Countable nouns: can be counted individually. For example, "apple" is a countable noun because you can count individual apples.
* Uncountable nouns: cannot be counted individually. For example, "water" is an uncountable noun because you cannot count individual drops of water.

Verbs

Verbs describe actions, states of being, or occurrences. They can be transitive or intransitive, active or passive, and indicative, imperative, or subjunctive.* Transitive verbs: require a direct object. For example, "eat" is a transitive verb because it requires a direct object (e.g., "I eat apples").
* Intransitive verbs: do not require a direct object. For example, "sleep" is an intransitive verb because it does not require a direct object (e.g., "I sleep").
* Active verbs: describe an action that is being performed by the subject. For example, "run" is an active verb because it describes an action that is being performed by the subject (e.g., "I run").
* Passive verbs: describe an action that is being received by the subject. For example, "be eaten" is a passive verb because it describes an action that is being received by the subject (e.g., "The apple is eaten by me").
* Indicative verbs: make a statement about a fact or an opinion. For example, "I am happy" is an indicative verb because it makes a statement about a fact (e.g., "I am happy").
* Imperative verbs: give a command or a request. For example, "Go away!" is an imperative verb because it gives a command (e.g., "Go away!").
* Subjunctive verbs: express a wish, a hope, or a possibility. For example, "I wish I were rich" is a subjunctive verb because it expresses a wish (e.g., "I wish I were rich").

Adjectives

Adjectives describe the qualities of nouns. They can be descriptive or possessive, and they can come before or after the noun they modify.* Descriptive adjectives: describe the qualities of a noun. For example, "big" is a descriptive adjective that describes the size of a noun (e.g., "a big house").
* Possessive adjectives: indicate possession of a noun. For example, "my" is a possessive adjective that indicates that the noun belongs to the speaker (e.g., "my house").
* Pre-nominal adjectives: come before the noun they modify. For example, "big" is a pre-nominal adjective that comes before the noun "house" in the phrase "a big house."
* Post-nominal adjectives: come after the noun they modify. For example, "large" is a post-nominal adjective that comes after the noun "house" in the phrase "a house large."

Adverbs

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They can describe the manner, place, time, or frequency of an action or event.* Adverbs of manner: describe the manner in which an action is performed. For example, "quickly" is an adverb of manner that describes the way in which an action is performed (e.g., "I ran quickly").
* Adverbs of place: describe the place where an action or event occurs. For example, "here" is an adverb of place that describes the place where an action or event occurs (e.g., "I am here").
* Adverbs of time: describe the time when an action or event occurs. For example, "now" is an adverb of time that describes the time when an action or event occurs (e.g., "I am here now").
* Adverbs of frequency: describe how often an action or event occurs. For example, "always" is an adverb of frequency that describes how often an action or event occurs (e.g., "I always eat breakfast").

Prepositions

Prepositions show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence. They can indicate location, direction, time, or possession.* Prepositions of location: indicate the location of a noun or pronoun. For example, "on" is a preposition of location that indicates that something is located on top of something else (e.g., "The book is on the table").
* Prepositions of direction: indicate the direction of a noun or pronoun. For example, "to" is a preposition of direction that indicates that something is moving towards something else (e.g., "I am going to the store").
* Prepositions of time: indicate the time of a noun or pronoun. For example, "at" is a preposition of time that indicates that something is happening at a particular time (e.g., "I am at work").
* Prepositions of possession: indicate the possession of a noun or pronoun. For example, "of" is a preposition of possession that indicates that something belongs to something else (e.g., "The book is of mine").

Conjunctions

Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses. They can be coordinating or subordinating.* Coordinating conjunctions: connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance. For example, "and" is a coordinating conjunction that connects two words (e.g., "I like apples and oranges").
* Subordinating conjunctions: connect a subordinate clause to a main clause. For example, "because" is a subordinating conjunction that connects a subordinate clause (e.g., "because I like apples") to a main clause (e.g., "I eat apples").

Interjections

Interjections are words or phrases that express strong emotion. They can be used to express surprise, joy, anger, or sadness.* Interjections of surprise: express surprise. For example, "Wow!" is an interjection of surprise that expresses surprise (e.g., "Wow! I won the lottery!").
* Interjections of joy: express joy. For example, "Yay!" is an interjection of joy that expresses joy (e.g., "Yay! I got a new job!").
* Interjections of anger: express anger. For example, "Damn!" is an interjection of anger that expresses anger (e.g., "Damn! I lost my keys!").
* Interjections of sadness: express sadness. For example, "Alas!" is an interjection of sadness that expresses sadness (e.g., "Alas! My dog died.").

2024-11-28

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